Sienna

Barcin jariri daga watanni 0 zuwa 6: abin da bayanai suka tabbatar

Farkawa cikin dare ba wani abu mara kyau ba ne ga jariri: bayanai suna kwatanta ta a matsayin al'adar watanni na farko, tare da babban bambanci tsakanin jariri da jariri. Ka'idojin hukuma na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO, 2019) suna daga awanni 14 zuwa 17 na bacci cikin awanni 24 a lokacin haihuwa zuwa awanni 12 zuwa 16 daga wata 4, har da barcin rana. Bacci mai aminci ya dogara kan shawarwari masu daidaituwa kuma tabbatattu (AAP, 2022 ; HAS, 2020).

Haƙiƙanin yanayin bacci na watanni na farko

Jaririn da aka haifa ba ya bambance rana da dare tukuna: baccinsa yana rabuwa da farko cikin awanni 24, kuma yanayin rana da dare yana tsari sannu a hankali, mafi yawanci tsakanin wata 3 da wata 6 (Assurance Maladie, 2026 ; Frontiers in Neuroscience, 2025). Ka'idojin duniya sun nuna buƙatar awanni 14 zuwa 17 na bacci cikin awanni 24 daga wata 0 zuwa wata 3, sannan awanni 12 zuwa 16 daga wata 4 zuwa wata 11, har da barcin rana (WHO, 2019).

Bayanan binciken rukuni suna bin waɗannan ma'auni. Wani nazari mai tsari na bincike 34 ya sami matsakaicin kusan awanni 14,6 na bacci cikin awanni 24 daga wata 0 zuwa wata 2, awanni 13,6 daga wata 3, da awanni 12,9 daga wata 6, tare da raguwar matsakaici na kusan minti 10 a kowane wata tsakanin wata 1 da wata 6 (Galland et al., Sleep Medicine Reviews, 2012). Bambancin da ke kewaye da waɗannan matsakaici yana da girma: a jariran daga wata 0 zuwa wata 2, iyakokin da aka rubuta suna daga kusan awanni 9 zuwa 20 bisa ga binciken (wannan tushe).

Farkawa cikin dare ita ce al'ada. A cikin binciken da aka yi da littattafan iyaye, matsakaicin adadinsu yana raguwa daga kusan 3 a kowane dare a lokacin haihuwa zuwa kusan 2 tsakanin makonni 16 da 24; aunawa da actigraphy, wadda ke gano ƙananan farkawa da iyaye ba su lura ba, tana bayar da ƙarin adadi bisa ga binciken, kuma babu wani bincike na littafi da ya rubuta fiye da farkawa 5 a kowane dare (Frontiers in Neuroscience, 2025, nazari na bincike 35). Wani nazari mai tsari na baya ya rubuta daga 0 zuwa 3,4 farkawa a kowane dare ga jariran daga wata 0 zuwa wata 2 (Galland et al., 2012). Mafi tsawon lokacin bacci mara tsayawa yana ƙaruwa da shekaru: kusan awanni 2,5 har makonni 10, sannan awanni 4 zuwa 6,5 a makonni 24 gwargwadon hanyar auna (Frontiers in Neuroscience, 2025).

Abin da ya zama al'ada, da abin da ke buƙatar shawarar likita

Farkawa wani ɓangare ne na girma: jariran da aka haifa suna farkawa akai-akai cikin dare a watanni na farko, kuma waɗannan darare masu yankewa na iya zama da wahala ƙwarai a jure (NHS, 2025). Jariri na iya farkawa tsakanin zagaye biyu na bacci sannan ya sake yin bacci shi kaɗai cikin 'yan mintuna; idan bai iya ba, ana ba da shawarar a kwantar da hankalinsa ba tare da fitar da shi daga gadonsa ba (Assurance Maladie, 2026). Har zuwa wata 4 ko 5, kwalbar madara ta dare na iya zama dole; bayan haka, yawancin yara ba sa buƙatar cin abinci cikin dare (wannan tushe).

Don haka abin da ke jawo neman shawara ba adadin farkawa ba ne, amma abin da iyali ke fuskanta. NHS na Biritaniya (National Health Service) yana ba da shawara a yi magana da ƙwararren lafiya idan barcin jariri matsala ce ko ana buƙatar shawara, da kuma neman taimako da sauri idan an damu game da lafiyarsa (NHS, 2025). Daga ɓangaren Faransa, Assurance Maladie tana tunatar da cewa iyayen da suka gaji ƙwarai ya kamata su nemi taimako su yi magana da likitan yara, kuma bai kamata a taɓa ba jariri magani don ya yi bacci ba (Assurance Maladie, 2024).

Wasu alamu kuwa ba su shafi yanayin bacci ba ne, amma suna buƙatar auna gaggawa: jaririn da ba ya farkawa, wahalar numfashi, yaron da ya yi sanyi ko ba ya amsa kamar yadda ya saba (NHS, 2025). Waɗannan jerin na hukuma ne suke zama hujja, ba iyakar adadin farkawa ba: babu wata shawara da ta tsayar da adadin da za a fara neman shawara daga gare shi, domin bambancin tsakanin jariran ya fi girma da irin wannan adadin ba zai da ma'ana (Frontiers in Neuroscience, 2025 ; NHS, 2025).

Bacci mai aminci: abin da aka tabbatar

A Faransa, mutuwar jariri kwatsam da ba a zata ba ita ce har yanzu babban sanadin mutuwa ga yara daga kwana 28 zuwa shekara ɗaya, da mutuwar 250 zuwa 350 a kowace shekara, waɗanda kusan rabinsu za a iya gujewa ta bin matakan rigakafi (Santé publique France, 2022). Game da yadda ake kwantar da shi, saƙon ya tsaya tsayin daka tun shekarun 1990: a bayansa, a kwance, a kowane bacci. HAS (Haute Autorité de santé, hukumar lafiya ta Faransa) tana tunatarwa cewa an ba da shawarar kwantar da shi a bayansa a kwance, kuma kwanciya a kan ciki ita ce babbar hanyar haɗari (HAS, 2020). Juya zuwa bacci a bayansa yana da alaƙa da raguwar 75 % na adadin mutuwar jariri kwatsam da ba a zata ba tsakanin 1991 da 1997 (Assurance Maladie, 2024).

Gadon ya kamata ya kasance babu kome, sai jakar bacci da ta dace da girman yaron. HAS tana bayyana yadda ake yi: katifa mai tauri a cikin gadon jariri mai sanduna, jakar bacci, babu matashin kai, babu bargo ko mayafi, a cikin ɗaki mai matsakaicin zafi, tsakanin 18 da 20 °C (HAS, 2020). Abubuwa masu laushi da kayan gado suna daga cikin abubuwan haɗari da Santé publique France (2022) ta lissafa, kuma jakar bacci da ta fi girma tana barin yaron ya zame a cikinta (Assurance Maladie, 2024).

Jariri yana bacci a wurinsa na kansa, ba tare da raba gadon iyaye ba, kuma a mafiya kyau a ɗakin iyaye a cikin watanni shida na farko na rayuwa (HAS, 2020). Wannan ne ma'anar cododo: ɗaki ɗaya, amma ba gado ɗaya ba, tsarin da ake ba da shawara a cikin watanni shida na farko (Assurance Maladie, 2024). Bacci a kan sofa ko a kan kujera tare da babba ya kamata a guje shi a kowane hali, har ma da ɗan barcin rana (Assurance Maladie, 2024 ; NHS, 2025).

Hanyoyin da bayanai ba su goyi baya ba

Wasu al'adun gama gari suna cin karo da bayanai. Na farko shine kwantar da jariri a kan ciki domin ya yi bacci mafi kyau: kwanciya a kan ciki ita ce babbar hanyar haɗarin mutuwar jariri kwatsam da ba a zata ba, kuma kwanciya a gefe ba ta da tabbas, domin tana sauƙaƙa juyawa a kan ciki (HAS, 2020 ; Assurance Maladie, 2024). Da zarar yaron ya iya juyawa da kansa, ba lallai ba ne a mayar da shi a bayansa cikin tsakiyar dare (Assurance Maladie, 2024).

Na biyu shine raba gadon iyaye, wanda ake yawan tunani a kai idan dare ya yi wahala. Shawarwarin ba su goyi bayansa: AAP (American Academy of Pediatrics) tana ba da shawarar raba ɗaki ba tare da raba gado ba, kuma HAS tana cire gadon iyaye daga wurin baccin jariri (AAP, 2022 ; HAS, 2020). Wasu yanayi suna cire shi ma fiye da haka: haihuwa da wuri, nauyin haihuwa ƙasa da 2,5 kg, shan taba na iyaye, barasa ko magungunan da ke sa bacci (NHS, 2025).

Rukuni na uku na hanyoyin shine kayan da ake gabatarwa a matsayin mafita: gidajen jariri, matashin kai na matsayi, ƙaramin gado mai ragewa, nadaddun tawul. HAS tana kiran su marasa amfani, masu cutarwa da haɗari, domin suna iyakance motsi kuma suna iya sauƙaƙa juyawa a kan ciki (HAS, 2020); Assurance Maladie ta ƙara cewa suna iya hana numfashi da ƙara haɗarin shaƙuwa sa'ad da yaron ya nutse cikin kayan gado (Assurance Maladie, 2024). Magungunan bacci, a ƙarshe, an cire su a kowane hali: suna da haɗari ga jariri (Assurance Maladie, 2024).

Lokacin da za a nemi shawara, da kuma inda

Babu adadin farkawa da ke jawo neman shawara shi kaɗai. A Faransa, PMI (protection maternelle et infantile, kula da uwa da jariri) hanya ce mai sauƙi: ayyukanta suna tafiya tare da iyaye da yara, tare da ma'aikatan jinya na yara, ungozoma da likitocin yara, kuma ma'aikacin jinya na iya zuwa gida idan ana buƙata (Assurance Maladie, 2026). Sai dai sauran, tambayoyin bacci ana kai su wurin likitan yara ko ƙwararren da ke kula da yaron (Assurance Maladie, 2024).

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